Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan are former Soviet states, and Mongolia was a Soviet satellite state. A t the beginning of the 1990s, these Central Asian countries declared independence from direct and indirect influence from Russia. They started from relatively similar social and economic conditions. This article will try to illustrate what has happened to socio-economics indicators since independence. Mineral rents (% of GDP) : Mineral rents are the difference between the value of production for a stock of minerals at world prices and their total costs of production. Minerals included in the calculation are tin, gold, lead, zinc, iron, copper, nickel, silver, bauxite, and phosphate. Net ODA received (% of GNI) : Net official development assistance (ODA) consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by mul...
Өөрийн бодол өөртөө зөв ч хүн хэлэхээс наашгүй